H

Haarlem - - One of the suffragan sees of the Archdiocese of Utrecht in the Netherlands.

Habacuc (Habakkuk) - - Article on the minor prophet of the Old Testament, and his book.

Haberl, Francis Xavier - - Music historian. (1840-1910.

Habington, William - - Poet and historian; born at Hindlip, Worcestershire, 1605; died 1654; son of Thomas Habington the antiquarian.

Habit - - Habit is an effect of repeated acts and an aptitude to reproduce them, and may be defined as "a quality difficult to change, whereby an agent whose nature it is to work one way or another indeterminately, is disposed easily and readily at will to follow this or that particular line of action".

Habor River - - A river of Mesopotamia in Asiatic Turkey, an important eastern affluent of the Euphrates.

Haceldama - - The name given by the people to the potter's field, purchased with the price of the treason of Judas.

Hadewych, Blessed - - Prioress of the Premonstratensian convent of Mehre, d. around 1200. Also known as Hedwig or Hadewig.

Hadrian, Publius Aelius - - Emperor of the Romans; born 24 January, A. D. 76 at Rome; died 10 July, 138.

Hadrian, Saint - - Article on this martyr, who died in about 306.

Hadrumetum - - A titular see of Byzacena.

Haeften, Benedict van - - Benedictine writer, provost of the Monastery of Afflighem, Belgium; born at Utrecht, 1588; died 31 July, 1648.

Hagen, Gottfried - - Town clerk of Cologne, and author of the Cologne "Reimchronik" (rhymed chronicle); died 1299.

Haggith - - One of David's wives (II Kings, iii,4).

Hagiography - - The name given to that branch of learning which has the saints and their worship for its object.

Hague, The - - Capital and seat of Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands as well as of the (civil) Province of South Holland.

Hahn-Hahn, Ida - - Countess, convert and authoress, born 22 June, 1805; died 12 January, 1880.

Haid, Herenaus - - Catechist, born in the Diocese of Ratisbon, 16 February, 1784; died 7 January, 1873.

Hail Mary - - Analysis of the prayer Ave Maria: origins and development.

Haimhausen, Karl von - - German missionary; b. at Munich, of a noble Bavarian family, 28 May, 1692; d. in Chile, 7 April, 1767.

Hair (in Christian Antiquity) - - The paintings in the catacombs permit the belief that the early Christians simply followed the fashion of their time. The short hair of the men and the waved tresses of the women were, towards the end of the second century, curled, frizzed with irons, and arranged in tiers, while for women the hair twined about the head forming a high diadem over the brow.

Hairshirt - - A garment of rough cloth made from goats' hair and worn in the form of a shirt or as a girdle around the loins, by way of mortification and penance.

Haiti - - An island of the Greater Antilles.

Haito - - Bishop of Basle; b. in 763, of a noble family of Swabia; d. 17 March, 836, in the Abbey of Reichenau, on an island in the Lake of Constance.

Hakodate - - Comprises the six northern provinces of the island of Nippon, the island of Yezo, and the Kurile Islands, as well as the administration of the southern part of the island of Saghalin, which still belongs to the Diocese of Mohilev.

Hakon the Good - - King of Norway, 935 (936) to 960 (961), youngest child of King Harold Fair Hair and Thora Mosterstang.

Halicarnassus - - A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis.

Halifax - - This see takes its name from the city of Halifax which has been the seat of government in Nova Scotia since its foundation by Lord Cornwallis in 1749.

Hallahan, Margaret - - Foundress of the Dominican Congregation of St. Catherine of Siena (third order); b. in London, 23 January, 1803; d. 10 May, 1868.

Haller, Karl Ludwig von - - A professor of constitutional law, b. 1 August, 1768, at Berne, d. 21 May, 1854, at Solothurn, Switzerland.

Halloy, Jean-Baptiste-Julien D'Omalius - - Belgian geologist, b. at Liège, Belgium, 16 February, 1783; d. at Brussels, 15 January, 1875.

Halma, Nicholas - - French mathematician; born at Sedan, 31 December, 1755; died at Paris, 4 June, 1828.

Hamar, Ancient See of - - Located in Norway.

Hamatha - - A titular see of Syria Secunda, suffragan of Apamea.

Hamburg - - A city supposed to be identical with the Marionis of Ptolemy, was founded by a colony of fishermen from Lower Saxony.

Hamilton, John - - Archbishop of St. Andrews; b. 1511; d. at Stirling, 1571; a natural son of James, first Earl of Arran.

Hamilton, Ontario, Diocese of - - Located in Ontario, Canada; a suffragan of Toronto.

Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von - - A distinguished Austrian Orientalist; b. at Graz, 9 June, 1774; d. at Vienna, 23 November, 1856.

Hammurabi - - The sixth king of the first Babylonian dynasty.

Hamsted, Adrian - - Founder of the sect of Adrianists; born at Dordrecht, 1524; died at Bruges, 1581.

Haneberg, Daniel Bonifacius von - - German prelate and Orientalist of the nineteenth century, b. At Tanne near Kempten, Bavaria, 16 June, 1816.

Hanover - - The former Kingdom of Hanover has been a province of the Prussian monarchy since 20 September, 1866.

Hansiz, Markus - - Historian, b. at Volkermarkt, Carinthia, Austria, 25 April, 1683; d. at Vienna, 5 September, 1766.

Hanthaler, Chrysostomus - - A Cistercian, historical investigator and writer. (1690-1754.

Hanxleden, Johann Ernest - - Jesuit missionary in the East Indies: b at Ostercappeln, near Osnabruck, in Hanover, 1681; d. in Malabar, 20 March, 1732.

Happiness - - The primary meaning of this term in all the leading European languages seems to involve the notion of good fortune, good chance, good happening.

Harbor Grace - - Diocese in Newfoundland, erected in 1856.

Hardee, William J. - - Soldier, convert, b. at Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1817, d. at Wytheville, Virginia, 6 Nov., 1873.

Hardey, Mary Aloysia - - Of the Society of the Sacred Heart, who established all the convents of her order, up to the year 1883, in the eastern part of the United States, Canada, and Cuba; b. at Piscataway, Maryland, 1809; d. at Paris, France, 17 June. 1886.

Harding, Thomas - - Controversialist; b. at Combe Martin, Devon, 1516 d. at Louvain, Sept., 1572.

Hardman, Mary Juliana - - Known in religion as Sister Mary; b. 26 April, 1813; d. 24 March, 1884.

Hardouin, Jean - - Jesuit, and historian; b. at Quimper, Brittany, 23 Dec., 1646, son of a bookseller of that town; d. at Paris, 3 Sept., 1729.

Hardyng, John - - An English chronicler; b. 1378; d. about 1460.

Hare Indians - - A Déné tribe which shares with the Loucheux the distinction of being the northernmost in America, their habitat being immediately south of that of the Eskimos.

Harland, Henry - - American novelist. (1861-1905.

Harlay, Family of - - An important family of parliamentarians and bishops, who deserve a place in religious history.

Harlez de Deulin, Charles-Joseph de - - A Belgian Orientalist, domestic prelate, canon of the cathedral of Liège, member of the Academic Royale of Belgium; b. at Liège, 21 August, 1832; d. at Louvain, 14 July, 1899.

Harmony - - A concord of sounds, several tones of different pitch sounded as a chord; among the Greeks, the general term for music.

Harney - - William Selby Harney, soldier, convert; b. near Haysboro, Tennessee, U.S.A., 27 August, 1800; d. at St. Louis, Missouri, 9 May, 1889. John Milton Harney, brother of foregoing, b. in Delaware, 9 March, 1789; d. at Somerset, Kentucky, 15 January, 1825.

Harold Bluetooth - - Son of King Gorm the Old of Denmark. (911-986.

Harold, Francis - - Irish Franciscan and historical writer, d. at Rome, 18 March, 1685.

Harpasa - - A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis.

Harper, Thomas Morton - - Priest, philosopher, theologian and preacher. Born in London 26 Sept., 1821, of Anglican parents, his father being a merchant of good means in the City; d. 29 Aug., 1893.

Harris, Joel Chandler - - Folklorist, novelist, poet, journalist; born at Eatonton, Georgia, U.S.A., 1848; died at Atlanta, Georgia, 3 July, 1908.

Harrisburg - - Diocese in Pennsylvania.

Harrison, James - - Priest and martyr; b. in the Diocese of Lichfield, England, date unknown; d. at York, 22 March, 1602.

Harrison, William - - Third and last archpriest of England, b. in Derbyshire in 1553; d. 11 May, 1621.

Harrowing of Hell - - This is the Old English and Middle English term for the triumphant descent of Christ into hell (or Hades) between the time of His Crucifixion and His Resurrection, when, according to Christian belief, He brought salvation to the souls held captive there since the beginning of the world.

Hartford - - Diocese of Hartford, established by Gregory XVI, 18 Sept., 1843.

Hartmann, Georg - - Mechanician and physicist; b. at Eckoltsheim, Bavaria, 9 Feb. 1489; d. at Nuremberg, 9 April, 1564.

Hartmann von Aue - - A Middle High German epic poet and minnesinger; died between 1210 and 1220.

Hasak, Vincenz - - Historian, b. at Neustadt, near Friedland, Bohemia , 18 July, 1812; d. 1 September, 1889, as dean of Weisskirchlitz, near Teplitz.

Haschka, Lorenz Leopold - - A poet-author of the Austrian national anthem; b. at Vienna, 1 Sept. 1749, d. there 3 Aug., 1827, was in his youth a member of the Society of Jesus.

Haspinger, Johann Simon - - A Tyrolese priest and patriot; b. at Gries, Tyrol, 28 October, 1776; d. in the imperial palace of Mirabell, Salzburg, 12 January, 1858.

Hassard, John Rose Greene - - An editor, historian; b. in New York, U.S.A., 4 September, 1836; d. in that city, 18 April, 1888.

Hasslacher, Peter - - Preacher; b. at Coblenz, 14 August, 1810; d. at Paris, 5 July, 1876.

Hatred - - In general, a vehement aversion entertained by one person for another, or for something more or less identified with that other.

Hatto - - Archbishop of Mainz; b. of a noble Swabian family, c. 850; d. 15 May, 913.

Hatton, Edward Anthony - - Dominican, apologist; b. in 1701; d. at Stourton Lodge, near Leeds, Yorkshire, 23 October, 1783.

Hauara - - A titular see of Palestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra.

Haudriettes - - A religious congregation founded in Paris early in the fourteenth century by Jeanne, wife of Etienne Haudry, a private secretary of St. Louis, King of France.

Haughery, Margaret - - "The mother of the orphans", as she was familiarly styled, b. in Cavan, Ireland, about 1814; d. at New Orleans, Louisiana, 9 February, 1882.

Hauréau, Jean-Barthélemy - - Historian and publicist; b. at Paris, 1812; d. there, 1896.

Hautecombe - - A Cistercian monastery near Aix-les-Bains in Savoy.

Hautefeuille, Jean de - - French physicist, b. at Orléans, 20 March, 1647; d. there, 18 October, 1724.

Hauteserre - - Antoine Dadin d'Hauteserre, born 1602, died 1682; a distinguished French historian and canonist, dean of the faculty of law at the University of Toulouse. Flavius Hauteserre, younger brother of the above, died about 1670; professor of law at Poitiers.

Hauy, René-Just - - Mineralogist; b. at Saint-Just (Oise), 28 Feb., 1743; d. at Paris, 3 June, 1822.

Hauy, Valentin - - Founder of the first school for the blind, and known under the name of "Father and Apostle of the Blind". (1745-1822.

Hauzeur, Mathias - - A Franciscan theologian, b. at Verviers, 1589; d. at Liège 12 November, 1676, for many years professor of theology.

Havana - - Jurisdiction of the See of Havana comprises the two provinces of Havana and Matanzas.

Havestadt, Bernhard - - German Jesuit; b. at Cologne, 27 February, 1714; died at Münster after 1778.

Hawarden, Edward - - Theologian and controversialist, b. in Lancashire, England, 9 April, 1662; d. in London, 23 April, 1735.

Hawes, Stephen - - Poet; b. in Suffolk about 1474; d. about 1523.

Hawker, Robert Stephen - - Poet and antiquary; b. at Plymouth 3 December, 1803, d. there 15 August, 1875.

Hawkins, Sir Henry - - Raised to the peerage as Lord Brampton, eminent English lawyer and Judge, b. at Hitchin, Hertfordshire, 14 September, 1817; d. at London, 12 October, 1907.

Hay, Edmund and John - - Edmund Hay, jesuit, and envoy to Mary Queen of Scots, b. 1540?; d. at Rome, 4 Nov., 1591. John Hay, kinsman and contemporary of Edmund, of the family of Hay of Dalgetti; b., 1546; d. at Pont-à-Mousson, 1608; a well-known scholar, professor, and writer.

Hay, George - - Bishop and writer, b. at Edinburgh, 24 Aug., 1729; d. at Aquhorties, 18 Oct., 1811.

Haydn, Franz Joseph - - Famous composer. (1732-1809.

Haydn, Johann Michael - - Younger brother of Franz Joseph Haydn. (1737-1806.

Haydock, George Leo - - Priest and biblical scholar. (1774-1849.

Haymo - - Benedictine bishop. (d. 853.

Haymo of Faversham - - English Franciscan and schoolman, b. at Faversham, Kent; d. at Anagni, Italy, in 1243, according to the most probable opinion; Wadding gives 1244.

Haynald, Lajos - - Cardinal, Archbishop of Kalocsa-Bács in Hungary; b. at Szécsény, 3 October, 1816; d. at Kalocsa, 3 July, 1891.

Hazart, Cornelius - - Controversialist, orator, and writer, b. 28 October, 1617, at Oudenarde in the Netherlands; entered the Society of Jesus, 24 Sept., 1634; d. 25 October, 1690, at Antwerp.

Healy, George Peter Alexander - - An American portrait and historical painter, b. at Boston, 15 July, 1808; d. at Chicago, 14 June 1894.

Hearse, Tenebrae - - The triangular candlestick used in the Tenebrae service.

Heart of Jesus, Devotion to the Sacred - - Description, spiritual significance, and historical background of devotion to the Sacred Heart.

Heart of Mary, Congregations of - - Details on several congregations under this name.

Heart of Mary, Devotion to the Immaculate - - Description of this devotion, along with its history.

Heaven - - In the Holy Bible the term heaven denotes, in the first place, the blue firmament, or the region of the clouds that pass along the sky. Gen., i, 20, speaks of the birds "under the firmament of heaven". In other passages it denotes the region of the stars that shine in the sky. Furthermore heaven is spoken of as the dwelling of God; for, although God is omnipresent, He manifests Himself in a special manner in the light and grandeur of the firmament.

Hebrew Bible - - As compared with the Latin Vulgate, the Hebrew Bible includes the entire Old Testament with the exception of the seven deuterocanonical books, Tobias, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, I and II Machabees, and the deuterocanonical portions of Esther (x, 4 to end) and Daniel (iii, 24-90; xiii; xiv).

Hebrew Language and Literature - - Hebrew was the language spoken by the ancient Israelites, and in which were composed nearly all of the books of the Old Testament.

Hebrews, Epistle to the - - The central thought of the entire Epistle is the doctrine of the Person of Christ and His Divine mediatorial office.

Hebrides, New - - Vicariate Apostolic of New Hebrides; in Oceania.

Hebron - - An ancient royal city of Chanaan, famous in biblical history, especially at the time of the patriarchs and under David.

Hecker, Isaac Thomas - - Missionary, author, founder of the Paulists; b. in New York, 18 December, 1819; d. there, 22 Dec., 1888.

Hedonism - - The name given to the group of ethical systems that hold, with various modifications, that feelings of pleasure or happiness are the highest and final aim of conduct; that, consequently those actions which increase the sum of pleasure are thereby constituted right, and, conversely, what increases pain is wrong.

Hedwig, Saint - - Duchess of Silesia, aunt of St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Hedwig married Henry I, and was the mother of seven. Upon her husband's death, she entered a Cistercian monastery. Died 1243.

Heeney, Cornelius - - Merchant and philanthropist; b. in King's County, Ireland, 1754; d. at Brooklyn, U.S.A., 3 May, 1848.

Heereman von Zuydwyk, Freiherr von - - Catholic statesman and writer on art, b. 26 Aug., 1832, at Surenburg near Riesenbeck, Westphalia; d. 23 March, 1903, at Berlin.

Heeswijk - - A village in the diocese of Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc), Holland, in which the dispersed religious of the confiscated Norbertine Abbey of Berne created a new abbey and college.

Hefele, Karl Joseph von - - Bishop of Rottenburg, b. at Unterkochen, Würtemberg, 15 March, 1890; d. at Rottenburg, 5 June, 1893.

Hegelianism - - Article by William Turner, evaluating this school of thought.

Hegesippus, Saint - - Second-century writer, opposed Marcionism and Gnosticism.

Hegesippus, The Pseudo- - - Fourth-century translator of Josephus.

Hegius, Alexander - - Humanist; b. probably in 1433, at Heeck (Westphalia); d. 7 December, 1498.

Heidelberg, University of - - The fame of Heidelberg is due to its university, which was founded in 1386 by the warlike Rupert I of Wittelsbach when he was over seventy years of age, on the model of the University of Paris.

Heiligenkreuz - - An existing Cistercian monastery in the Wienerwald, eight miles north-west of Baden in Lower Austria.

Heilsbronn - - Formerly a Cistercian monastery in the Diocese of Eichstatt in Middle Franconia.

Heilsbronn, Monk of - - This name indicates the unknown author of some small mystical treatises, written about the beginning of the fourteenth century at the Cistercian Abbey of Heilsbronn.

Heim, François Joseph - - French historical painter, b. near Belfort, 1787, d. in Paris, 1865.

Heinrich der Glïchezäre - - A Middle High German poet, author of a narrative poem "Reinhart Fuchs".

Heinrich von Ahaus - - Founder of the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany. (1371-1439.

Heinrich von Laufenberg - - A German poet of the fifteenth century, d. at Strasburg in 1460; he was a priest in Freiburg (Breisgau), and later dean of the cathedral.

Heinrich von Meissen - - Usually called "Frauenlob" (Woman's praise), a Middle High German lyric poet; b. at Meissen about 1250; d. at Mainz, 1318.

Heinrich von Melk - - German satirist of the twelfth century; of knightly birth and probably a lay brother in the convent of Melk, in Styria.

Heinrich von Veldeke - - A medieval German poet of knightly rank; b. near Maastricht in the Netherlands about the middle of the twelfth century.

Heinz, Joseph - - Swiss painter. (1564-1609.

Heis, Eduard - - German astronomer, b. at Cologne, 18 February, 1806; d. at Münster, Westphalia, 30 June, 1877.

Heisterbach - - A former Cistercian monastery in the Siebengebirge near the little town of Oberdollendorf in the Archdiocese of Cologne.

Helen of Sköfde, Saint - - Biography of the twelfth-century Swedish widow and martyr, killed in perhaps the year 1160.

Helena (Montana) - - Erected from the Vicariate of Montana, 7 March, 1884.

Helena, Saint - - The mother of Constantine the Great, she died about 330.

Helenopolis - - A titular see of Bithynia Prima, suffragan of Prusa.

Heli - - Discusses the Old Testament priest, and the New Testament father of Joseph.

Heliae, Paul - - A Carmelite, opponent of the Reformation in Denmark, born at Warberg (in the Laen of Halland), about 1480; died after 1534.

Heliand, The - - The oldest complete work of German literature.

Helinand - - Medieval poet, chronicler, and ecclesiastical writer.

Heliogabalus - - The name adopted by Varius Avitus Bassianus, Roman emperor (218-222), born of a Syrian family and a grandnephew of Julia Domna, the consort of Emperor Septimus Severus.

Hell - - Hell (infernus) in theological usage is a place of punishment after death.

Hell, Maximilian - - Astronomer, b. at Schemnitz in Hungary, 15 May, 1720; d. at Vienna, 14 April, 1792.

Hello, Ernest - - 19th-century French philosopher and essayist. Article by Susan Tracy Otten.

Helmold - - A historian, born in the first half of the twelfth century; died about 1177.

Helmont, Jan Baptista van - - Born at Brussels, 1577; died near Vilvorde, 30 December, 1644. This scientist, distinguished in the early annals of chemistry, belonged to a Flemish family.

Helpers of the Holy Souls, Society of the - - A religious order of women founded in Paris, France, 1856, with the object of assisting the Holy Souls, by [Blessed] Eugénie Smet (in religion, Marie de la Providence).

Helpidius, Flavius Rusticius - - The name of several Latin writers.

Helyot, Pierre - - Usually known as Hippolyte, his name in religion. Born at Paris, in 1660; died there 5 January, 1716.

Hemmerlin, Felix - - A provost at Solothurn, in Switzerland, born at Zurich, in 1388 or 1389; died about 1460.

Henderson, Issac Austin - - Theologian, musician, singer, and writer. (1850-1909.

Hendrick, Thomas Augustine - - Twenty-second Bishop of Cebú, Philippine Islands, b. at Penn Yan, New York, U.S.A., 29 Oct., 1849; d. at Cebú, 29 Nov., 1909.

Hengler, Lawrence - - Catholic priest and the inventor of the horizontal pendulum, b. at Reichenhofen, Würtemberg, 3 Feb., 1806; d. at Tigerfeld, 1858.

Hennepin, Louis - - One of the most famous explorers in the wilds of North America during the seventeenth century.

Henoch - - The name of the son of Cain (Gen., iv, 17, 18), of a nephew of Abraham (Gen., xxv, 4), of the first-born of Ruben (Gen., xlvi, 9), and of the son of Jared and the father of Mathusala (Gen., v. 18 sq.).

Henoch, Book of (Ethiopic) - - Introductory article.

Henoticon - - The unsuccessful law made by the Emperor Zeno in order to conciliate Catholics and Monophysites.

Henri de Saint-Ignace - - A Carmelite theologian, b. in 1630, at Ath in Hainaut, Belgium; d. in 1719 or 1720, near Liège.

Henrion, Mathieu-Richard-Auguste - - Baron, French magistrate, historian, and journalist; b. at Metz, 19 June, 1805; d. at Aix, September, 1862.

Henríquez, Crisóstomo - - A Cistercian of the Spanish Congregation; b. at Madrid, 1594; d. 23 December, 1632, at Louvain.

Henríquez, Enrique - - Jesuit theologian, b. at Oporto, 1536; d. at Tivoli, 28 January, 1608.

Henry Abbot, Blessed - - A layman and convert to Catholicism, martyred at York in 1597. Explains the circumstances which led to his martyrdom.

Henry Heath, Blessed - - Short biography of the English Franciscan, martyred for being a priest. He died in 1643.

Henry II - - Biographical article that focuses on the King of England's constitutional and legal reforms, and his conflict with Thomas Becket.

Henry II, Saint - - Biography of the German king and Holy Roman Emperor, d. 1024.

Henry III - - German king and Holy Roman Emperor. (1017-1056.

Henry IV - - German king and Holy Roman Emperor. (1050-1108.

Henry IV - - King of France and Navarre. (1553-1610.

Henry Morse, Saint - - English Jesuit who made his novitiate in prison. He was martyred at Tyburn in 1644.

Henry of Friemar - - German theologian; b. at Friemar, a small town near Gotha in Thuringia, about the end of the thirteenth century; d. probably at Erfurt about 1355.

Henry of Ghent - - A notable scholastic philosopher and theologian of the thirteenth century.

Henry of Herford - - Friar and chronicler; date of birth unknown; died at Minden, 9 Oct., 1370.

Henry of Huntingdon - - Historian; b. probably near Ramsey, Huntingdonshire, between 1080 and 1085; d. 1155.

Henry of Kalkar - - Carthusian writer, b. at Kalkar in the Duchy of Cleves in 1328; d. at Cologne, 20 December, 1408.

Henry of Langenstein - - Theologian and mathematician; b. about 1325 at the villa of Hainbuch (Hembuche), near Langenstein in Hesse; d. at Vienna, 11 Feb., 1397.

Henry of Nördlingen - - A Bavarian secular priest, of the fourteenth century, date of death unknown; the spiritual adviser of Margaretha Ebner (died 1351), the mystic of Medingen.

Henry of Rebdorf - - Alleged author of an imperial and papal chronicle of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Henry of Segusio, Blessed - - Usually called Hostiensis. Italian canonist, bishop of Ostia, d. 1261.

Henry Suso, Blessed - - Biography of this German Dominican mystic, d. 1366.

Henry the Navigator, Prince - - Born 4 March, 1394; died 13 November, 1460; he was the fourth son of John I, King of Portugal, by Queen Philippa, a daughter of John of Gaunt.

Henry V - - German king and Holy Roman Emperor. (1081-1125.

Henry VI - - German king and Holy Roman Emperor. (1165-1197.

Henry VIII - - Lengthy article which concentrates on Henry's break with the Church of Rome.

Henry Walpole, Saint - - Converted to Catholicism by the death of Edmund Campion. Walpole became a Jesuit priest, and was arrested as soon as he returned to England. He was martyred in 1595.

Henryson, Robert - - Scottish poet, born probably 1420-1430; died about 1500.

Henschen, Godfrey - - Jesuit, hagiographer; b. at Venray (Limburg), 21 June, 1601; d. at Antwerp, 11 Sept., 1681.

Hensel, Luise - - Poetess and convert; born at Linum, 30 March, 1798; died. at Paderborn, 18 December, 1876.

Henten, John - - John Henton, Biblical exegete, born 1499 at Nalinnes Belgium; died 10 Oct., 1566.

Heortology - - The science of sacred festivals, embracing the principles of their origin, significance, and historical development, with reference to epochs or incidents in the Christian year.

Hephæstus - - A titular see of Augustamnica Prima, mentioned by Hierocles (Synecd., 727, 9), by George of Cyprus, and by certain rare documents, as among the thirteen towns of that province.

Heptarchy - - By the term heptarchy is understood that complexus of seven kingdoms, into which, roughly speaking, Anglo-Saxon Britain was divided for nearly three centuries, until at last the supremacy, about the year 829, fell definitely and finally into the hands of Wessex.

Heraclas - - Bishop of Alexandria from 231 or 232; to 247 or 248.

Heraclea - - A titular see of Thracia Prima.

Heraldry, Ecclesiastical - - Information on heraldry as it is used in and by the Catholic Church.

Herbart and Herbartianism - - Article on the life and philosophy of Johann Friedrich Herbart, by Michael Maher.

Herbert of Bosham - - A biographer of St. Thomas Becket, dates of birth and death unknown.

Herbert of Derwentwater, Saint - - Short biography of the seventh-century anchorite.

Herbert of Lea, Lady Elizabeth - - English authoress and philanthropist. (1822-1911.

Herbst, Johann Georg - - Born at Rottweil, in Würtemberg, 13 January, 1787; died 31 July, 1836.

Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alejandro - - Born at Lisbon, 28 March, 1810; died near Santarem, 13 Sept., 1877.

Herder - - The name of a German firm of publishers and booksellers.

Herdtrich, Christian Wolfgang - - An Austrian Jesuit missionary in China; born at Graz, Styria, 25 June, 1625; d. 18 July, 1684.

Heredity - - The offspring tends to resemble, sometimes with extraordinary closeness, the parents.

Hereford, Ancient Diocese of - - Located in England.

Hereswitha, Saint - - Also known as Haeresvid or Hereswyde, blood sister of St. Hilda of Whitby. Mother, widow, and nun.

Heresy - - St. Thomas defines heresy: "a species of infidelity in men who, having professed the faith of Christ, corrupt its dogmas".

Hergenröther, Joseph - - Church historian and canonist, first Cardinal-Prefect of the Vatican Archives, b. at Würzburg, 15 Sept., 1824; d. at Mehrerau (Bodensee), 3 Oct., 1890.

Heribert - - Archbishop of Milan. (1018-1045.

Heribert, Saint - - Archbishop of Cologne, d. 1021.

Heriger of Lobbes - - A medieval theologian and historian; born about 925; died 31 October, 1007.

Herincx, William - - A theologian, born at Helmond, North Brabant, 1621; died 17 Aug., 1678.

Hermann Contractus - - Chronicler, mathematician, and poet. (1013-1054.

Hermann I - - Landgrave of Thuringia (1190-1217), famous as a patron of medieval German poets.

Hermann Joseph, Saint - - Biographical article on this German Premonstratensian mystic, who died in 1241.

Hermann of Altach - - A medieval historian; b. 1200 or 1201; d. 31 July, 1275.

Hermann of Fritzlar - - With this name are connected two works on mysticism written in German.

Hermann of Minden - - Provincial of the German province of Dominicans; b. at or near Minden on an unknown date; d. shortly after 1294.

Hermann of Salza - - Fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, descendant of the noble Thuringian house of Salza; b. 1180 at Langensalza in Thuringia; d. 19 March, 1239, at Barletta in Southern Italy.

Hermas - - First or second century, author of the book called "The Shepherd" (Poimen, Pastor), a work which had great authority in ancient times and was ranked with Holy Scripture.

Hermas, Saint - - The Roman Martyrology includes for 18 August Roman martyrs Hermas, Serapion, and Polyaenus. Ten days later a Roman martyr Hermes and Alexandrian martyrs Polienus and Serapion are commemorated. Perhaps they are the same.

Hermeneutics - - Derived from a Greek word connected with the name of the god Hermes, the reputed messenger and interpreter of the gods.

Hermengild, Saint - - The son of an Arian Visigothic king. His mother and wife were Catholic, and he converted to Catholicism, and resisted Arianism. He was beheaded in 585.

Hermes, George - - Joseph Schulte's treatment of this German religious thinker.

Hermes, Saint - - Martyr, Bishop of Salano (Spalato) in Dalmatia.

Hermite, Charles - - Mathematician, born at Dieuze, Lorraine, 24 December, 1822; d. at Paris, 14 January, 1901.

Hermits - - Also called anchorites, men who fled the society of their fellow-men to dwell alone in retirement.

Hermits of St. Augustine - - A religious order which in the thirteenth century combined several monastic societies into one, under this name.

Hermon - - A group of mountains forming the southern extremity of Anti-Lebanon, and marking on the east of the Jordan the northern boundary of Israel.

Hermopolis Magna - - A titular see of Thebais Prima, suffragan of Antinoe, in Egypt.

Hermopolis Parva - - A titular see of Ægyptus Prima, suffragan of Alexandria.

Herod - - Herod was the name of many rulers mentioned in the N.T. and in history. It was known long before the time of the biblical Herods.

Herodias - - Wife of Herod Philip, and mistress of Herod Antipas.

Heroic Act of Charity - - A decree of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences dated 18 December, 1885, and confirmed the following day by Leo XIII.

Heroic Virtue - - St. Augustine first applied the pagan title of hero to the Christian martyrs.

Herp, Henry - - A fifteenth century Franciscan of the Strict Observance and a distinguished writer on mysticism.

Herrad of Landsberg - - A twelfth-century abbess, author of the "Hortus Deliciarum"; born about 1130, at the castle of Landsberg, the seat of a noble Alsatian family; died 1195.

Herregouts - - There were three artists of the name of Herregouts, father, son, and grandson, of whom the chief was Hendrik, the son of David, and the father of Jan.

Herrera Barnuevo, Sebastiano de - - A painter, architect, sculptor and etcher; born in Madrid, 1611 or 1619; died there, 1671.

Herrera, Fernando de - - A Spanish lyric poet; born 1537; died 1597.

Herrera, Francisco - - A Spanish painter, etcher, medallist, and architect; born in Seville, 1576; died in Madrid, 1656.

Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de - - A Spanish historian; born at Cuellar, in the province of Segovia, in 1559; died at Madrid, 27 March, 1625.

Herrgott, Marquard - - A Benedictine historian and diplomat. (1694-1762.

Hersfeld - - An ancient imperial abbey of the Benedictine Order.

Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo - - Spanish Jesuit and famous philologist; b. at Horcajo, 1 May, 1735; d. at Rome, 24 August, 1809.

Hervetus, Gentian - - French theologian and controversialist; b. at Olivet, near Orléans, in 1499; d. at Reims, 12 September, 1584.

Hesebon - - A titular see of the province of Arabia, suffragan of Bostra.

Hesse - - The name of a German tribe, and also a district in Germany extending along the Lahn, Eder, Fulda, Werra, and the Lower Main and Rhine.

Hessels, Jean - - A distinguished theologian of Louvain; born 1522; died 1566.

Hesychasm - - Hesychasts (hesychastes -- quietist) were people, nearly all monks, who defended the theory that it is possible by an elaborate system of asceticism, detachment from earthly cares, submission to an approved master, prayer, especially perfect repose of body and will, to see a mystic light; which is none other than the uncreated light of God.

Hesychius of Alexandria - - Grammarian and lexicographer; of uncertain date, but assigned by most authorities to the later fourth or earlier fifth century.

Hesychius of Jerusalem - - Presbyter and exegete, probably of the fifth century.

Hesychius of Sinai - - A priest and monk of the Order of St. Basil in the Thorn-bush (Batos) monastery on Mt. Sinai, and ascetic author of the Byzantine period in literature.

Hethites - - One of the many peoples of North-Western Asia, styled Hittim in the Hebrew Bible, Khuti or Kheta on the Egyptian monuments, and Hatti in the cuneiform documents.

Hettinger, Franz - - A Catholic theologian; born 13 January, 1819, at Aschaffenburg; died 26 January, 1890, at Würzburg.

Heude, Pierre - - Missionary to China and zoologist. (1836-1902.

Hewett, John - - English martyr; son of William Hewett of York; date of birth unknown; executed at Mile End Green, 6 October, 1588.

Hewit, Augustine Francis - - Priest and second Superior General of the Institute of St. Paul the Apostle. (1820-1897.

Hexaemeron - - Signifies a term of six days, or, technically, the history of the six days' work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis.

Hexapla - - Article on Origen's compilation of six ancient versions of the Bible in parallel columns, his purpose and the principles that guided his work.

Hexateuch - - A name commonly used by the critics to designate the first six books of the Old Testament, i.e. the Pentateuch and Josue.

Hexham and Newcastle - - Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle (Hagulstadensis et Novocastrensis).

Heynlin of Stein, Johann - - A theologian, born about 1425; died at Basle, 12 March, 1496.

Heywood, Jasper and John - - Jasper Heywood, poet and translator; born 1535 in London; died 1598 at Naples. John Heywood, father of Jasper, dramatist and epigrammatist; born probably c. 1497; died about 1580.

Hibernians, Ancient Order of - - This organization grew up gradually among the Catholics of Ireland owing to the dreadful hardships and persecutions to which they were subjected.

Hickey, Antony - - A theologian, born in the Barony of Islands, Co. Clare, Ireland, in 1586; died in Rome, 26 June, 1641.

Hidalgo, Miguel - - Mexican patriot. (1753-1811.

Hierapolis - - Titular Archdiocese, metropolis of the Province of Euphrates, in the Patriarchate of Antioch.

Hierapolis - - Titular see of Phrygia Salutaris.

Hierarchy - - This word has been used to denote the totality of ruling powers in the Church, ever since the time of the Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita (sixth century), who consecrated the expression in his works, "The Celestial Hierarchy" and "The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy".

Hierarchy of the Early Church - - The word hierarchy is used here to denote the three grades of bishop, priest, and deacon (ministri).

Hierocæsarea - - A titular see of Lydia, suffragan of Sardis.

Hieronymites - - In the fourth century, certain Roman ladies, following St. Paula, embraced the religious life in Bethlehem, putting themselves under the direction of St. Jerome, who had founded a monastery in that city.

Hierotheus - - All attempts to establish as historical a personality corresponding to the Hierotheus who appears in the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius are rendered abortive by the fact, now definitely proven, that those writings, with intent to mislead, weave into their narrative various fictitious personalities of the Apostolic Era, such as Peter, James, John, Timothy, Carpus, and others.

Higden, Ranulf - - Benedictine chronicler. (d. 1364.

High Altar - - The chief altar in a church, raised on an elevated plane in the sanctuary, where it may be seen simultaneously by all the faithful in the body of the church.

Hilarion, Saint - - Hermit, died in about 371.

Hilarius of Sexten - - Moral theologian. (1839-1900.

Hilarus, Pope Saint - - As an archdeacon, he had acted as one of Pope St. Leo the Great's legates at the "Robber Synod." Biographical article.

Hilary of Arles, Saint - - Biographical article on this 5th-century archbishop.

Hilary of Poitiers, Saint - - Biographical article on this bishop, a staunch opponent of Arianism, who died in 368. Includes bibliography.

Hilda, Saint - - Biographical article on the influential abbess, who died in 680.

Hildebert of Lavardin - - Bishop of Le Mans, Archbishop of Tours, and celebrated medieval poet; b. about 1056, at the Castle of Lavardin near Montoir on the Loire; d. 8 December, 1133 or 1134.

Hildegard, Saint - - Seer and prophet, Sibyl of the Rhine, d. 1179. Never formally canonized, but she is listed in the Roman Martyrology.

Hildesheim - - An exempt see, comprising the Prussian province of Hanover east of the Weser, besides the Duchy of Brunswick.

Hilduin, Abbot of St-Denis - - Died 22 November, 840.

Hillel - - Short essay on the Jewish rabbi and philosopher.

Hilton, Walter - - Article about the spiritual writings of this Augustinian mystic, d. 1396.

Himeria - - A titular see in the province of Osrhoene, suffragan of Edessa.

Himerius - - An Archbishop of Tarragona in Spain, 385.

Hincmar - - A bishop of Laon, died 879.

Hincmar - - Archbishop of Reims.

Hinderer, Roman - - A German missionary in China, born at Reiningen, near Mülhausen, in Alsace, 21 Sept., 1668; died 24 Aug., 1744.

Hinduism - - The conglomeration of religious beliefs and practices existing in India that have grown out of ancient Brahminism.

Hingston, Sir William Hales - - Canadian physician and surgeon, b. at Hinchinbrook near Huntingdon, Quebec, June 29, 1829; d. at Montreal, 19 February, 1907.

Hippo Diarrhytus - - Titular see of Northern Africa.

Hippo Regius - - Titular see of Numidia.

Hippolytus of Rome, Saint - - Presbyter, antipope, martyr, died about 236.

Hippolytus, Saints - - Several mentions of a saint or saints named Hippolytus occur in the Roman Martyrology. Some must be identified with Hippolytus of Rome, but at least one (a "Greek martyr") cannot possibly be the same person as the Roman presbyter.

Hirena - - Titular see of Tunis.

Hirschau, Abbey of - - A celebrated Benedictine monastery in Würtemberg, Diocese of Spires.

Hirscher, Johann Baptist von - - Professor of moral theology and catechetics at the University of Freiburg in the Breisgau.

History, Ecclesiastical - - A survey of the role of church history, the history of the Catholic Church and historiography of church history.

Hittorp, Melchior - - A theologian and liturgical writer, born about 1525, at Cologne; died there in 1584.

Hladnik, Franz von Paula - - Botanist and schoolmaster. (1773-1844.

Hobart - - Archdiocese comprises Tasmania, Bruni Island, and the Cape Barren, Flinders, King, and other islands in Bass Straits.

Hofer, Andreas - - A patriot and soldier, born at St. Leonhard in Passeyrthale, Tyrol, 22 Nov., 1767; executed at Mantua, 20 Feb., 1810.

Höfler, Konstantin von - - Historian; born at Memmingen, Bavaria, 26 March, 1811; died at Prague, 29 December, 1898.

Hogan, John Baptist - - Better known, on account of his long sojourn in France, as Abbé Hogan. (1829-1901.

Hohenbaum van der Meer, Moritz - - A Benedictine historian; born at Spörl near Belgrade, 25 June, 1718; died at the monastery of Rheinau, near Schaffhausen in Switzerland, 18 December, 1795.

Hohenburg - - A suppressed nunnery, situated on the Odilienberg, the most famous of the Vosges mountains in Alsace.

Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Alexander Leopold - - A titular Bishop of Sardica, famous for his many supposedly miraculous cures. (1794-1849.

Holbein, Hans - - A German painter; b. at Augsburg about 1460; d. at Isenheim, Alsace, in 1524.

Holden, Henry - - An English priest; born 1596; died March, 1662.

Holiness - - Holiness or sanctity is the outcome of sanctification, that Divine act by which God freely justifies us, and by which He has claimed us for His own; by our resulting sanctity, in act as well as in habit, we claim Him as our Beginning and as the End towards which we daily unflinchingly tend.

Hollanders in the United States - - Statistics and other information about Dutch immigrants.

Holmes, John - - Catholic educator and priest; born at Windsor, Vermont, in 1799; died at Lorette, near Quebec, Canada, in 1852.

Holocaust - - As suggested by its Greek origin (holos "whole", and kaustos "burnt") the word designates an offering entirely consumed by fire, in use among the Jews and some pagan nations of antiquity. [Definition from 1910..

Holstenius, Lucas - - German philologist, b. at Hamburg, 1596; d. at Rome, 2 February, 1661.

Holtei, Karl von - - German novelist, poet, and dramatist; b. at Breslau, 24 January, 1798; d. in that city, 12 February, 1880.

Holy Agony, Archconfraternity of - - An association for giving special honour to the mental sufferings of Christ during His Agony in the Garden of Gethsemani.

Holy Alliance - - The Emperor Francis I of Austria, King Frederick William III of Prussia, and the Tsar Alexander I of Russia, signed a treaty on 26 September, 1815, by which they united in a "Holy Alliance..

Holy Child Jesus, Society of the - - Founded in England in 1840 by Mrs. Cornelia Connelly, née Peacock, a native of Philadelphia, U.S.A., who had become a convert to the Catholic Faith in 1835.

Holy Childhood, Association of the - - A children's association for the benefit of foreign missions.

Holy Coat - - The possession of the seamless garment of Christ, for which the soldiers cast lots at the Crucifixion, is claimed by the cathedral of Trier and by the parish church of Argenteuil.

Holy Communion - - By Communion is meant the actual reception of the Sacrament of the Eucharist.

Holy Cross Abbey - - The ruins of this monastery are situated on the right bank of the River Suir, about three miles south-west of the cathedral town of Thurles, Co. Tipperary.

Holy Cross, Congregation of - - A body of priests and lay brothers constituted in the religious state by the simple vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and bearing the common name of Religious of Holy Cross.

Holy Cross, Sisters Marianites of - - Founded in 1841, in the parish of Holy Cross near Le Mans, Sarthe, France, by a priest of the same city, Basile-Antoine Moreau.

Holy Cross, Sisters of the - - Mother House, St. Mary's of the Immaculate Conception, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Holy Faith, Sisters of the - - Founded at Dublin, in 1857, by Margaret Aylward, under the direction of Rev. John Gowan, C.M., for the care of Catholic orphans.

Holy Family, Archconfraternity of the - - This archconfraternity owes its origin to Henri Belletable, an officer in the Engineers' Corps, Liege, Belgium.

Holy Family, Congregations of the - - Details of various groups by this name.

Holy Ghost - - The doctrine of the Catholic Church concerning the Holy Ghost forms an integral part of her teaching on the mystery of the Holy Trinity.

Holy Ghost, Orders of the - - The Hospital of the Holy Ghost at Rome was the cradle of an order, which, beginning in the thirteenth century, spread throughout all the countries of Christendom, and whose incalculable services have been recognized by every historian of medicine.

Holy Ghost, Religious Congregations of the - - Several groups by this name are covered.

Holy Humility of Mary, Sisters of the - - Founded at Dommartin-sous-Amance, France, in 1855, by John Joseph Begel (b. 5 April, 1817; d. 23 Jan., 1884), pastor of the two villages of Laitre and Dommartin.

Holy Infancy, Brothers of the - - Founded in 1853 by the Right Rev. John Timon, the first Bishop of Buffalo. The special aim of this congregation is the sanctification of its members and the care of destitute and wayward boys.

Holy Innocents - - Fairly long article on these children, and the commemoration of their martyrdom. Both Western and Eastern Christianity.

Holy Name, Feast of the - - Formerly the second Sunday after Epiphany, no longer on the Roman Calendar. Article's value is mostly historical. Mentions some of the more beautiful hymns addressed to Jesus.

Holy Name of Jesus - - Reverence for the name of Jesus is not optional for believers. Article highlights the Scriptural reasons, and describes some customary ways of showing reverence.

Holy Name, Society of the - - A.k.a. Holy Name Society. Men's confraternity to encourage prayer.

Holy Oils - - Oil is a product of great utility the symbolic signification of which harmonizes with its natural uses. It serves to sweeten, to strengthen, to render supple; and the Church employs it for these purposes in its rites.

Holy Oils, Vessels for - - In Christian antiquity there existed an important category of vessels used as receptacles for holy oil.

Holy Saturday - - In the early Church this was the only Saturday on which fasting was permitted (Constit. Apost., VII, 23), and the fast was one of special severity.

Holy See - - A term derived from the enthronement-ceremony of the bishops of Rome.

Holy Sepulchre - - The tomb in which the Body of Jesus Christ was laid after His death upon the Cross.

Holy Sepulchre, Canonesses Regular of the - - Concerning the foundation there is only a tradition connecting it with St. James the Apostle and representing St. Helena as invested with the habit by St. Macanus, Bishop of Jerusalem.

Holy Sepulchre, Fathers of the - - Franciscan Fathers, who with lay brothers keep watch over the Holy Sepulchre and the sanctuaries of the basilica.

Holy Sepulchre, Knights of the - - A secular confraternity which gradually grew up around the most august of the Holy Places.

Holy Synod - - The name of the council by which the Church of Russia and, following its example, many other Orthodox Churches are governed.

Holy Water - - In the earliest Christian times, water was used for expiatory and purificatory purposes, to a way analogous to its employment under the Jewish Law.

Holy Water Fonts - - Vessels intended for the use of holy water.

Holy Week - - The week which precedes the great festival of the Resurrection on Easter Sunday, and which consequently is used to commemorate the Passion of Christ, and the event which immediately led up to it.

Holyrood Abbey - - Located in Edinburgh, Scotland; founded in 1128 by King David I for the Canons Regular of St. Augustine, probably brought from St. Andrews.

Holywell - - Two documents of the twelfth century, preserved in the British Museum, and printed by the Bollandists, give its history, with the earliest record of the miraculous cures effected by its waters.

Holywood, Christopher - - Jesuit; b. At Artane, Dublin, in 1559; d. 4 September, 1626.

Holzhauser, Bartholomew - - Parish priest, ecclesiastical writer, and founder of a religious community; born 24 Aug., 1613, at Laugna in the Diocese of Augsburg, Bavaria; died 20 May, 1658.

Homes - - This term, when used in an eleemosynary sense, covers all institutions that afford the general comforts of domestic life to persons who are defective and dependent.

Homicide - - Signifies, in general, the killing of a human being. In practice, however, the word has come to mean the unjust taking away of human life, perpetrated by one distinct from the victim and acting in a private capacity.

Homiletics - - Lengthy historical article. Includes extensive bibliography.

Homiliarium - - A collection of homilies, or familiar explanations of the Gospels.

Homily - - Etymology, early development. Also a summary of four ways of preaching on Scripture.

Homoousion - - The word used by the Council of Nicaea (325) to express the Divinity of Christ.

Honduras - - The territory of the vicariate is co-extensive with that of the British Crown Colony of the same name.

Hong-Kong - - A prefect Apostolic under the Bishop of Macao was nominated by Gregory XVI (1846); a vicariate Apostolic was created in 1874.

Honoratus a Sancta Maria - - A Discalced Carmelite; born at Limoges, 4 July, 1651 ; died at Lille, 1729.

Honoratus, Saint - - Founder of the famous monastery at Lérins, Archbishop of Arles, d. 429.

Honorius, Flavius - - Roman Emperor, d. 25 August, 423.

Honorius I, Pope - - Reigned 625-638.

Honorius II, Pope - - Archdeacon of Bologna. Died at Rome, 14 February, 1130.

Honorius III, Pope - - Born at Rome, date of birth unknown; died at Rome, 18 March, 1227.

Honorius IV, Pope - - Born at Rome about 1210; died at Rome, 3 April, 1287.

Honorius of Autun - - A theologian, philosopher, and encyclopedic writer who lived in the first half of the twelfth century.

Honorius, Saint - - Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 653.

Honour - - May be defined as the deferential recognition by word or sign of another's worth or station.

Hontheim, Johannes Nicolaus von - - An auxiliary Bishop of Trier; born at Trier, 27 January, 1701; died at Montquentin, near Orval, 2 Sept., 1790.

Hood - - A flexible, conical, brimless head-dress, covering the entire head, except the face.

Hoogstraten, Jacob van - - A theologian and controversialist, born about 1460, in Hoogstraeten, Belgium; died in Cologne, 24 January, 1527.

Hooke, Luke Joseph - - Born at Dublin in 1716; died at St. Cloud, Paris, 16 April, 1796, son of Nathaniel Hooke the historian.

Hope - - The desire of something together with the expectation of obtaining it.

Hope-Scott, James Robert - - Parliamentary barrister, Q.C.; b. 15 July, 1812, at Great Marlow, Berkshire, England; d. in London, 29 April, 1873.

Hopi Indians - - A tribe of Pueblo Indians of Shoshonean stock.

Hôpital, Guillaume-François-Antoine de L' - - Marquis de Sainte-Mesme and Comte d'Entremont, French mathematician; b. at Paris, 1661; d. at Paris, 2 February, 1704.

Hopkins, Gerard Manley - - Jesuit and poet. (1844-1889.

Hormisdas, Pope Saint - - Died 523. The father of Pope Silverius.

Hornyold, John Joseph - - A titular Bishop of Phiomelia, Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District, England; born 19 February, 1706; died at Longbirch, Staffordshire, 26 December, 1778.

Hortulus Animæ - - A prayer book popular in the early years of the sixteenth century.

Hosanna - - The general opinion is that of St. Jerome, that the word originated from two Hebrew words of Psalm cxvii (cxviii), 25. This psalm, was recited by one of the priests every day during the procession round the altar, during the Feast of Tabernacles, when the people were commanded to "rejoice before the Lord" (Lev., xxiii, 40); and on the seventh day it was recited each time during the seven processions.

Hosius of Cordova - - The foremost Western champion of orthodoxy in the early anti-Arian struggle; born about 256; died about 358.

Hosius, Stanislaus - - Cardinal and Prince-Bishop of Ermland; born of German parents at Cracow, 5 May, 1504; died at Capranica, near Rome, S August, 1579.

Hospice - - During the early centuries of Christianity the hospice was a shelter for the sick, the poor, the orphans, the old, the travellers and the needy of every kind.

Hospital Sisters of the Mercy of Jesus - - These sisters are established in religion under the Rule of St. Augustine (q. v.), the institute being dependent on the pope represented by the bishop.

Hospitality - - In the religious orders the duty of hospitality was insisted upon from the beginning both in East and West.

Hospitallers - - During the Middle Ages, among the hospitals established throughout, religious of both sexes lived under one roof, following the Rule of St. Augustine.

Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem - - The most important of all the military orders, both for the extent of its area and for its duration.

Hospitals - - Originally, hospital meant a place where strangers or visitors were received; in the course of time, its use was restricted to institutions for the care of the sick.

Hospitius, Saint - - Popularly known as Sospis. A hermit, he died in 581.

Hossche, Sidron de - - Poet and priest; born at Mercken, West Flanders, in 1596; died at Tongres in 1653.

Host - - Archaeological and historical aspects.

Host, Johann - - One of the seven Dominicans, who distinguished themselves in the struggle against Luther in Cologne.

Hottentots - - One of three tribes of South Africa which may be divided Bantus, Hottentots, and Bushmen.

Houbigant, Charles François - - Oratorian, one of the ablest Biblical scholars of his time. Born in Paris, 1686; died there 31 October, 1783.

Houdon, Jean-Antoine - - Born at Versailles, 1741; died 16 July, 1828; the most distinguished sculptor of France during the latter half of the eighteenth century.

Houdry, Vincent - - Preacher and writer on ascetics; b. 23 January, 1631, at Tours; d. 21 March, 1729, at Paris.

Houghton, William - - Archbishop of Dublin, date and place of birth unknown; died at Dijon, 1298.

Hours, Canonical - - Essay on the practice of reciting the Divine Office according to set hours.

Hove, Peter van - - Friar Minor, lector in theology and exegete; b. at Rethy, in Campine (Belgium); d. at Antwerp, in 1793.

Howard, Mary, of the Holy Cross - - Poor Clare, born 28 December, 1653; died at Rouen, 21 Mary's 1735.

Howard, Philip Thomas - - Dominican and cardinal, commonly called the "Cardinal of Norfolk"; born at Arundel House, London, 21 September, 1629; died at Rome, 17 June, 1694.

Hroswitha - - A celebrated nun-poetess of the tenth century, whose name has been given in various forms, Roswitha, Hrotswitha, Hrosvitha, and Hrotsuit; born probably between 930 and 940, died about 1002.

Huajuápam de León - - Diocese in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, erected by Bull of Leo XIII.

Huanuco - - Suffragan of Lima in Peru.

Huaraz - - Suffragan of Lima. It comprises the entire department of Ancachs in the Republic of Peru.

Huber, Alphons - - Historian; born 14 October, 1834, at Fügen, Zillerthal (Tyrol); died 23 November, 1898, at Vienna.

Hubert, Jean-François - - The ninth Bishop of Quebec, born at Quebec, 23 February, 1739; died 17 October, 1799.

Hubert, Saint - - Confessor, first bishop of Liège, d. 727 or 728.

Hubert, Saint, Military Orders of - - The highest order of Bavaria, founded in 1444 or 1445 by Gerhard V, Duke of Jülich, in commemoration of a victory gained on St. Hubert's day (3 Nov.); some, however, date the establishment as late as 1473 and 1475.

Hubert Walter - - Archbishop of Canterbury (1193-1205); died 13 July, 1205.

Hübner, Alexander, Count - - An Austrian statesman, born 26 Nov., 1811; died 30 July, 1892.

Huc, Evariste Régis - - A French Lazarist missionary and traveller; born at Caylus (Tarn-et-Garonne), 1 June, 1813; died at Paris, 26 March, 1860.

Hucbald of St-Amand - - A Benedictine monk; born in 840; died in 930 or 932.

Huddleston, John - - Monk of the Order of St. Benedict; b. at Farington Hall, Lancashire, 15 April, 1608; exact date of death unknown; buried at London, 13 September, 1698.

Hueber, Fortunatus - - A Franciscan historian and theologian, born at Neustadt on the Danube; died 12 Feb., 1706, at Munich.

Huelgas de Burgos - - Founded by Alfonso VIII at the instance of his consort, Doña Leonor of England, about the year 1180.

Huesca - - Diocese embracing parts of the province of Huesca in north-eastern Spain, seven parishes in the Broto valley and three within the limits of the Archdiocese of Saragossa, one parish being situated in the city of Saragossa itself.

Huet, Pierre-Daniel - - A distinguished savant and celebrated French bishop; born 8 February, 1630, at Caen (Normandy), where his father, a convert from Calvinism, was sheriff; died at Paris, 26 January, 1721.

Hüffer, Hermann - - Historian and jurist; born 24 March, 1830, at Münster in Westphalia; died at Bonn, 15 March, 1905.

Hug, Johann Leonhard - - A German Catholic exegete, b. at Constance, 1 June, 1765; d. at Freiburg im Br., 11 March, 1846.

Hugh Capet - - King of France, founder of the Capetian dynasty, b. about the middle of the tenth century; d. about 996, probably 24 October.

Hugh Faringdon, Blessed - - His family name was Cook; Faringdon is his probable birthplace. Mitred abbot of Reading. When he refused to surrender the abbey, he was condemned to death. Martyred in 1539.

Hugh Green, Blessed - - An English priest who had converted to Catholicism. He was martyred in a brutal way in 1642.

Hugh of Digne - - Friar Minor and ascetical writer; b. at Digne, south-east France, date uncertain; d. at Marseilles about 1285.

Hugh of Flavigny - - Benedictine monk and historian; b. about 1064, probably at Verdun (Lorraine); d. before the middle of the twelfth century.

Hugh of Fleury - - Benedictine monk and ecclesiastical writer; d. not before 1118.

Hugh of Lincoln, Saint - - Biography of this Augustinian and later a Carthusian, d. 1200, canonized 1220.

Hugh of Remiremont - - Cardinal, born of a noble family, probably in Lorraine, died soon after 1098.

Hugh of St. Victor - - Lengthy essay on the life and writings of this philosopher, theologian, and mystical writer.

Hugh of St-Cher - - Dominican cardinal. (1200-1263.

Hugh of Strasburg - - Theologian, flourished during the latter half of the thirteenth century.

Hugh, Saint - - Article on Little St. Hugh of Lincoln.

Hugh Taylor, Blessed - - The first (November 1585) to suffer martyrdom for the crime of being a priest in England who had studied abroad; the following day, a layman who had outwardly conformed was martyred for the newly defined felony of harboring such a person.

Hugh the Great, Saint - - Biographical article on the distinguished and influential Abbot of Cluny, d. 1109.

Hughes, John - - Fourth bishop and first Archbishop of New York, born at Annaloghan, Co. Tyrone, Ireland, 24 June, 1797 of Patrick Hughes and Margaret McKenna: died in New York, 3 January, 1864.

Hugo, Charles-Hyacinthe - - Historiographer of the Norbertine Order. (1667-1739.

Huguccio - - Italian canonist, b. at Pisa, date unknown; d. in 1210.

Huguenots - - An extensive history of this French Protestant tradition.

Hülshoff, Annette Elisabeth, Baroness von - - Biographical article on "Germany's greatest poetess..

Hulst, Maurice Le Sage d'Hauteroche d' - - A prelate, writer, orator; born at Paris, 10 Oct., 1841; died there, 6 Nov., 1896.

Humanism - - The name given to the intellectual, literary, and scientific movement of the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, which aimed at basing every branch of learning on the literature and culture of classical antiquity.

Humbert of Romans - - Fifth Dominican master general. (1194-1277.

Humeral Veil - - The name given to a cloth of rectangular shape about 8 ft. long and 1 1/2 ft. wide.

Humiliati - - A penitential order dating back, according to some authorities, to the beginning of the eleventh, but more probably to the beginning of the twelfth century, to the reign of Emperor Henry V, who, after quelling a rebellion in Lombardy, led the principal nobles of the cities implicated back to Germany as captives.

Humility - - The word humility signifies lowliness or submissiveness an it is derived from the Latin humilitas or, as St. Thomas says, from humus, i.e. the earth which is beneath us.

Humphrey Middlemore, Blessed - - English Carthusian priest and martyr, was executed in 1535 for unwillingness to take the oath of supremacy.

Hungarian Catholics in America - - Information about immigrants from this country.

Hungarian Literature - - History from the pre-Reformation period to the modern period.

Hungary - - History of the country.

Hunolt, Franz - - The most popular German preacher of the early part of the eighteenth century, b. 31 March, 1691, at Siegen; d. 12 September, 1746, at Trier.

Hunter, Sylvester Joseph - - English Jesuit priest and educator; b. at Bath, 13 Sept., 1829; d. at Stonyhurst, 20 June, 1896.

Hunting, Canons on - - From early times, hunting, in one form or another has been forbidden to clerics.

Huntington, Jedediah Vincent - - Clergyman, novelist;