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- Accumulator Generator - - Compares canonical solutions to same problem as code samples in: C++, Dylan, E, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp (Arc, Common, Goo, Scheme), Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Oz-Mozart, NewtonScript, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, Smalltalk, VBScript. [Paul Graham.
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- ACM "Hello, World" Project - - List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages.
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- Ada 95, Java, and C++ - - Some think Java is like C++. Usual C++ idioms do not apply to Java as it is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. Both language syntax are alike, but semantics and philosophy are very different. Java is nearer Ada 95 than C++, except in syntax.
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- Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman - - Compares 4 programming languages (Ada 95, C, C++, Java) with the needs of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
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- Advanced Programming Language Design - - Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.
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- Beyond Java? - - Compares Java and Dylan, with examples from building two CORBA IDL compilers. Topics include: multiple inheritance, multi-argument dispatch, unified object model, extensible syntax. Several code examples.
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- The BNF Web Club Language - - Browse, explore some programming language syntax rules, see relations between rules, understand them via BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada 95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, Lisp, M5.
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- C# from a Java Developer's Perspective - - Thorough article by Dare Obasanjo, treats most similarities and differences between the two languages: features in Java and not in C#, and features in C# and not in Java. Text, tables, code, resources.
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- The Case against C - - Five short essays compare C (and C++ by extension) to Fortran: Why C is Not a Good Numerical Language, Why C is Not a Good First Language, C's Poor Loop Constructs, C's Pointers and Optimisation, Optimisation through Directives.
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- Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada - - Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
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- Comparing Mercury and Haskell - - Compares type systems, all text. Uses Haskell 98 since Mercury type system is more like Haskell than ML, and Haskell 98 is best documented, most well-known Haskell.
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- Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2 - - Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
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- The Computer Language Shootout Benchmarks - - Performance measurements and source code for ~25 benchmark programs in ~25 languages; with side-by-side comparisons for any 2 programming languages, and an interactive weighted ranking for all the languages.
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- D vs Other Languages - - Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars.
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- An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a Search/string-processing Program - - One set of requirements, 80 implementations, coded by 74 different programmers in various languages, compared for properties: run time, memory use, source text length, comment density, program structure, reliability, effort needed. [PDF.
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- Fortran 90 vs. Ada 95 - - Compares Ada 95 to Fortran 90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.
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- Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality - - Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size. [PDF.
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- Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations - - Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
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- Informal Language Comparison Chart(s) - - Links, and table comparing Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80 (old), SmallScript (Smalltalk-98 dialect), JavaScript 2.0 (ECMA Script), C#, C++, Java, Python, CLOS.
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- Io Comparisons - - Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
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- Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison - - Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.
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- Java Benchmark - - By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.
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- Java Versus C++ - - Compares 2 languages; in text, code samples; references. Formats: HTML, PDF, PS.
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- Java vs. C# - - Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
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- Language Options Comparison - - Compares scripting language feature options, in various categories. Pros and cons given for each feature variant. Text, code samples, table.
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- Languages Versus D - - Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content.
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- PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook - - Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
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- Programming Language Benchmarks - - Compares the same program in Ada, C, Forth, FORTRAN, Java, Lisp, Perl, R, Ruby. Goal: support decisions in language choice for making compute-intensive Web programs. Text, table, code samples.
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- Programming Language Categories - - Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
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- Programming Language Comparison - - Table and text compares many features of some popular object-oriented languages: C++, C#, Eiffel, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.
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- Programming Languages mini-HOWTO - - Brief comparison of major Linux programming languages C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
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- Programming Languages Table - - Table showing the approximate number of logical source statements (not physical lines of code) that roughly correlate with a single function point.
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- Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped - - Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
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- The Quine Page - - Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
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- Ray Tracer Language Comparison - - Mini ray tracer benchmark written equivalently in C++, Java, SML, Objective Caml, Lisp, Scheme. Compares verbosity, performance; text, code samples, tables, image, graph. [Flying Frog Consultancy.
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- Reasons for TOM - - TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
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- Tcl Advocacy - - Table, text, links compare Tcl, Perl, Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic.
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- 1% the Code - - Compares colorForth and C: Chuck Moore, father of Forth, expects colorForth applications to need only 1% the code of C programs. No code samples.
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- Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages - - By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
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- TIOBE Programming Community Index: TPCI - - Updated monthly. Shows language popularity via world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, 3rd party vendors. Calculated from search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo.
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- TMXxine Languages - - Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
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- Water Comparisons - - Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
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- What Languages Fix - - Compares many languages in brief text, describes each by the problem it fixes. [Paul Graham.
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- What's Wrong with Perl - - Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
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- Why Tcl is Better than Perl - - Says Tcl is simpler, more maintainable, has superior GUI interface; Perl is hard to maintain and embed, thread unsafe, complex to learn. No code samples, tables, graphs.
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- The Zen of Python - - Compares traits of many languages, without naming any; by Tim Peters.
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- ASP vs. PHP - - Brief text compares website building languages ASP, PHP on several points. [WebProNews] (December 22, 2005)
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- Does C# Measure Up? - - Compares 6 aspects of .NET, C#, C, C++, D, Java; in text, tables. Format: 2 articles as one PDF download. [Windows Developer Network] (October, 2003)
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- What I Hate About Your Programming Language - - Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com] (May 12, 2003)
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- Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP? - - By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor] (November 8, 2002)
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- Programmers: Otters with Rocks? - - Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News] (May 9, 2001)
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- Lisp as an Alternative to Java - - Comparison starts from 1999 Prechelt study results, adds many insights; as text, a few tables. [Intelligence] [PDF] (December, 2000)
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- C#: A Language Alternative or Just J--?, Part 1 - - Compares C# to Java, describes features and design trade-offs, places C# in context of broader Microsoft .Net strategy. Text, tables, code samples, links. By Mark Johnson. First article of 2-part series. [JavaWorld] (November, 2000)
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- C# Strikes a Chord - - Compares 4 languages: C, C++, C#, Java. Shows family genealogy. [Dr. Dobb's Journal] (September 4, 2000)
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- An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl - - By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer] [PDF] (March 14, 2000)
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- Is Ada a Better C? - - Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article, originally titled "Ada Better Than C++?" Text and code samples. [EXE magazine] (May, 1997)
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